Yogaḥ in the Purāṇa

Extracts from the Srimad Bhāgavad Purāṇa on the Aṣṭāṅga Yogaḥ

Skanda 3/Adhyāya 28 as narrated by Bhagavān Kapila

Ṣlokaḥ [3/28/1]

 

 

श्रीभगवानुवाच –
योगस्य लक्षणं वक्ष्ये सबीजस्य नृपात्मजे ।
मनो येनैव विधिना प्रसन्नं याति सत्पथम् ॥ १ ॥

yogasya lakṣaṇaṃ vakṣye sabījasya nṛpātmaje  ।
mano yenaiva vidhinā prasannaṃ yāti sat-patham ॥ 03/28/1 ॥

 

श्रीभगवानुवाच Sri Bhagavānuvāca-The Lord said:
योगस्य yogasya-of Yoga; लक्षणं lakṣaṇaṃ- characteristic features; वक्ष्ये vakṣye-I shall speak to you about; सबीजस्य sabījasya-of the one with the Seed; नृपात्मजे nṛpātmaje-O the Daughter of a King (Princess); मनो mano-the Mind;  येनैव yenaiva-by means of which alone; विधिना vidhinā-by following the sacred precepts and injunctions; प्रसन्नं prasannaṃ-pure, clear, and tranquil; याति yāti-traverse/travel; सत्पथम् sat-patham-the Path of God.

“The Lord said :
O Princess ! I shall speak to you about the characteristic features of the Yoga with the Seed by following the sacred precepts and injunctions of which alone,  your Mind shall become pure, clear and tranquil, and will traverse the Path of God.” ॥ 03/28/1 ॥

Sanskrit Words:

1. विधिना vidhinā [AGK 3,152/2] by doing, performing. 2. by adopting the method, means, manner 3. by the sacred commandment, precept rule. 4. by any act, actions.
2. प्रसन्नं prasannaṃ [AGK 2, 488/2] 1. pure, tranquil, clear. 3.pleased, delighted, propitiated, soothed. 3.kindly disposed, gracious.


Abbreviations: AGK – Sanskrit English Dictionary, Chief Editors Apte, Gode, and Karve

                            MW – Sanskrit English Dictionary, Prof. Monier Williams

Ṣlokaḥ [3/28/2]

 

स्वधर्माचरणं शक्त्या विधर्माच्च निवर्तनम् ।

दैवाल्लब्धेन सन्तोष आत्मवित् चरणार्चनम् ॥ २ ॥

sva-dharmācaraṇaṃ śaktyā vidharmāc ca nivartanam ।

daivāl labdhena santoṣa ātmavic-caraṇārcanam ॥ 03/28/2 ॥

 

स्वधर्माचरणं sva-dharmācaraṇaṃ-abiding by one’s own Dharma; शक्त्या śaktyā-as feasible or to the extent within one’s powers;  विधर्माच्च vidharmāc-the Dharma of another; च ca-and; निवर्तनम् nivartanam-turning back, turning away from, desisting from; दैवाल्लब्धेन daivāl labdhena-what is obtained by God’s grace; सन्तोष santoṣa-satisfied, content with; आत्मवित् ātmavit-who have realised the Self; चरणार्चनम् caraṇārcanam-to worship or adore the feet.

What is one’s own Dharma and what is the Dharma of another?  Fundamentally, one’s Dharma is what one’s ancestors have been performing for hundreds of years and which one has also taken to performing.  The skills needed for discharging one’s Dharma have been incorporated into one’s genes.  When actions in consonance with one’s own Dharma are undertaken, these skills come into play and facilitate the execution of duties connected with that Dharma.  Vāsanās or propensities are also important factors that make one more comfortable performing one’s own Dharma than that of another.  These vāsanā may be looked upon as inbuilt liking/dislike for given actions. The liking comes from a facility embedded in the genes over centuries of pursuit of a particular Dharma.  The natural facility helps one take to a particular Dharma like ducks to water, smoothly and easily.  So much for individual Dharma such as of that of a Priest, a Scholar, a Teacher, a Farmer, a Soldier, an Artisan, and so on.   At the highest level, Indian Philosophy classifies all individual Dharmas into two broad categories.  One is the category whose main characteristic is Karman or action.  The other is the category which primarily focuses on the acquisition of knowledge.  In relation to Yoga, the first is termed Karma Yogaḥ and the latter as Jñyāna Yogaḥ. 

As mankind has advanced in science and technology, and the world has become smaller, individual Dharmas have become less water-tight and more flexible in definition and application.  The perception of the proportion of Karman and Knowledge in a given Dharma may have changed.  But the categorisation of Dharmas at the highest philosophical levels of the Sanātana Dharma remains largely unchanged for thousands of years.

Ṣri Kṛṣṇa says in the Srimad Bhagavad Gita [3/35]:

 

श्रेयान्स्वधर्मो विगुण: परधर्मात्स्वनुष्ठितात् |

स्वधर्मे निधनं श्रेय: परधर्मो भयावह: || ३/३५||

 

śhreyān swa-dharmo viguṇaḥ para-dharmāt sv-anuṣhṭhitāt |

swa-dharme nidhanaṁ śhreyaḥ para-dharmo bhayāvahaḥ || 3/35||

 

“Better is one’s own duty, though ill-done, than the duty of another well-performed. 

Better is death in one’s own duty; the duty of another is fraught with fear.”

The vast majority of human beings follow Dharmas that entail the performance of Karman of some kind or the other.  Relatively, a very small percentage follow Dharmas that entail the pursuit of knowledge. In their case too, they have to follow a modicum of karman necessary to stay alive and follow their Dharma properly.  Both Karma as well Jñyāna Yogaḥ have the same end goal, namely Mokśa.

 

What is the nature of Karman that constitute Karma Yogaḥ? At the immediate level, they are actions needed to sustain life and make the wheels of life go round and round.  But that is not the end goal of Karman performed by mankind as a whole. At the highest level, the aim of all Karman is final liberation from repeated bondage in Prakṛti or Matter. Karman interestingly enough, perpetuates bondage in birth after birth if done improperly. Done properly, Karman can help secure Mokśa or final liberation.   Ordinarily, in a given birth, every human being tends to add more Karman to his or her account reckoned from the beginning than to reduce it. Mokśa cannot be granted to one whose account contains a residual balance of karman awaiting fructification for the obvious reason that human beings cannot escape the consequences of Karman. If there is residual balance of karman at the time of death, whether the consequences be good or bad, the Self has to take on a new body to experience the fruits and to thereby discharge the Karman. 

 

If one views any residual Karman as a debt to be paid, it is reasonable to assume that one cannot get release until all pending debts have been repaid.  One has, therefore, to use every embodiment one has been given to reduce the past debts to the maximum extent without creating fresh debts.  One has to repay all of one’s debts before becoming eligible for Mokśa. The slate has to be clean.  If not, rebirth and repeated embodiments are inevitable.  Aṣṭāṅga Yogaḥ is one field which provides good scope for the performance of Karman correctly to wash away the cumulative sins of the Yogi and to secure Mokśa over the short time-span of a few births in the worst case.

Jñyāna Yogaḥ is the pursuit of such knowledge as will secure emancipation when the time comes.  But it also needs certain minimum quantum or elements of karman for the sustenance of the body.  No Yogi engaged in Jñyāna Yogaḥ can remain totally actionless. Of the two apex yoga disciplines available for securing Mokśa we have mentioned above, Karma Yogaḥ is, all said and done, better than Jñyāna Yogaḥ for certain reasons.  Firstly, for the overwhelming proportion of Mankind, Karma Yogaḥ is a natural discipline that can be pursued without second thoughts.  Though defective, it is free from the liability of interruption, failure, and fall.  A person engaged in the Karman of a given Dharma all his or her life just as his ancestors did in the past, is inherently qualified for it.  Because of this inherent qualification for Karman, while pursuing Karma Yogaḥ, if untimely death were to occur in any one life before gaining success, it would not matter because in the very next birth, that person would be able to resume his or her Karma Yogaḥ at the point it was interrupted and to make speedy progress thereafter towards success using the experience already gained up to the time death occurred.

 

Jñyāna Yogaḥ is difficult to pursue.  It is fraught with the risk of errors and failures.  In principle, it is fundamentally unnatural for anyone conjoined with Prakṛti.  It becomes inevitable for all human beings when they find themselves in embodiment soon after birth.  Failure and fall at any stage during Jñyāna Yogaḥ would compel the Yogi to start again from the very beginning.  All the progress made before a fall from Yogaḥ may have occurred would be lost.

 

 

Ṣlokaḥ [3/28/3]

ग्राम्य धर्म निवृत्तिश्च मोक्षधर्म रतिस्तथा ।

मित मेध्यादनं शश्वद् विविक्त  क्षेम  सेवनम् ॥ ३ ॥

 

grāmya-dharma-nivṛttiś ca mokṣa-dharma-ratis tathā ।

mita-medhyādanaṃ śaśvad vivikta-kṣema-sevanam  ॥ 3.28.3 ॥

ग्राम्य grāmya – involving enjoyments, consumption, connected with material pursuits; धर्म dharma – Duties/Karman; निवृत्तिश्च nivṛttiś ca – turn away, be averse to  ; मोक्षधर्म mokṣa dharma – the duties ordained for securing final liberation; रतिस्तथा ratis tathā -taking delight as well; मित mita – moderation, sparing; मेध्यादनं medhyādanaṃ – which is pure, sacred, holy; शश्वद् śaśvad-permanently, for all times;  विविक्त vivikta – lonely, solitary, detached  ; क्षेम kṣema – habitable, restful, secure, providing happiness; सेवनम् sevanam – adopting, frequenting, dwelling in.

“Turning away or desisting from such Dharma as would entail the enjoyment or consumption of material objects while also taking delight in the Dharma that leads to Mokśa; partaking of wholesome and pure food sparingly; frequently resorting to or dwelling permanently in habitable places that are solitary/detached, safe & secure, and that yield happiness.”  ॥ 3.28.3 ॥

Sanskrit Words:

  1. ग्राम्य grāmya [MW 335/2] relating to the occupation of a villager/townsman. ग्राम्य धर्म grāmya dharma [ibid.] the duties/rights of a villager or townsman (as opposed to those of a recluse); the duties of a villager.
  2. मित mita [AGK 2, 642/1] 1. measured, meted. 2.bounded, defined. 3. limited, moderate, scanty, sparing.
  3. मेध्यादनं medhyādanaṃ [AGK 2, 663/1] 1.fit for sacrifice, fit to be offered to divinity 2.pure, sacred, holy. 3.wise, intelligent 4. fresh, strong.
  4. निवृत्ति nivṛtti [AGK 2, 178/2]  1.turn away, be averse to  2. to cease desist, abstain from

5 .विविक्त vivikta [AGK 3, 663/1] 1. detached, isolated 2. lonely, solitary, retired.

  1. क्षेम kṣema [MW 301/2] 1. habitable, giving rest, giving ease or security or comfort; conferring happiness; at ease, prosperous, safe, secure, well, happy, right 2. residence, place of rest; abiding at ease; safety, tranquillity, peace, rest, security.

 

Hindu Philosophy holds that every embodied human being has four major goals of life, namely, Dharma, Artha, Kāma and Mokśa. The purpose of existence as sentient beings in embodiment is the pursuit of one or more of these four goals of life.  Strictly speaking, the pursuit of Dharma as an independent goal is redundant because none of the other three goals can be pursued outside the umbrella of Dharma.  Whether one adheres to the Dharma of Artha, Kāma or Mokśa, Dharma has to be followed concurrently without exception.  In the event of a clash or a doubt as to the right course of action to be followed, the cannons of Dharma as the over-arching Principal Dharma, would always take precedence over that of the other three Dharma.

The term ग्राम्य धर्म  grāmya dharma has some derogatory connotations with regard to the  Dharmas of Artha and Kāma in that they involve sensual pleasures and mundane Karman detrimental to Mokśa.  The Yogi is therefore exhorted to turn away from Artha and Kāma and to desist from all karman falling within their purview.  The Yogi is advised not only to adopt the Dharma with the goal of Mokśa but to take positive delight in performing karman/duties that facilitate the securing of Mokśa. This is very good advice for all human beings no matter what Dharma they may have settled for.  The idea is that even while in the stage of the brahṃacarya or the grihastha āśrama, certain actions can be taken to lay the foundation and prepare for the time when all material goals would have to be abandoned in favour of the spiritual goal of Mokśa. If a proper base has not been prepared, the transition from the subsidiary goals to the principal goal may be be difficult and painful in the vānaprastha or the sanyāsa āśrama.  

When the Yogi eventually decides to switch to the Dharma of Mokśa, the Ṣlokaḥ gives some good advice to remember.  Firstly, the Yogi should relish the karman ordained for securing Mokśa. It is no use performing such karman simply because they are known to facilitate Mokśa.  One must derive enjoyment or delight in their performance.  Secondly, He should begin to consume pure food in moderate quantities.  Sattvic food is known to generate a sattvic disposition of the Mind. Thirdly, he should stay permanently in a secluded place free of noise and hustle/bustle.  The term क्षेम kṣema implies a place where one can dwell in peace and security. It refers to a site whose vastū or special ambience confers happiness and tranquillity of the Mind.  These are subjective factors difficult to quantify and lay down as concrete guidelines.  The Yogi must personally experience each of the different feelings of peace, of serenity, and of safety in the places short-listed as the possible choices for permanent residence before finally deciding upon a site for dwelling.

Ṣlokaḥ [3/28/4]

 

अहिंसा सत्यमस्तेयं यावदर्थपरिग्रहः ।

ब्रह्मचर्यं तपः शौचं स्वाध्यायः पुरुषार्चनम् ॥३/२८/ ४ ॥

 

ahiṃsā satyam asteyaṃ yāvad-artha-parigrahaḥ ।

brahmacaryaṃ tapaḥ śaucaṃ svādhyāyaḥ puruṣārcanam ॥/28/4 ॥

अहिंसा ahiṃsā-refraining from causing pain/injury; सत्यम satyam-truthfulness  ; अस्तेयं asteyaṃ-refraining from theft/robbery; यावदर्थपरिग्रहः yāvad-artha-parigrahaḥ-acquisition or acceptance of only the bare necessities of life; ब्रह्मचर्यं brahmacaryaṃ-celibacy; तपः tapaḥ-penance; शौचं śaucaṃ-cleanliness/purity; स्वाध्यायः svādhyāyaḥ-self-study of the Scriptures; पुरुषार्चनम् puruṣārcanam-worship of the Brahman. 

This Ṣlokaḥ continues with the list of Karman enjoined upon the Yogi who may have taken to the Dharma of Mokśa. Each of the Karman mentioned therein  is not straightforward in that they do not imply, wholly, exactly or clearly, what the common connotations of the word might suggest to the Reader in English or in any modern language. We recommend the careful study of our Article on Yamāḥ & Niyamāḥ.  The Sanskrit-phrase ‘यावदर्थपरिग्रहः yāvad (to the extent)-artha (wealth/material possessions)-parigrahaḥ (acquisition, grab etc)’ is to noted. In this phrase, the Sanskrit term परिग्रहः parigrahaḥ denotes the central concept propounded in the phrase. It has the English connotations of “to grasp, to take hold of, to encircle, to seize, to catch, to take along” etc.  Conversely the term “अपरिग्रहः aparigraḥ” in the phrase cited connotes the opposite senses “of non-acceptance, of renouncing or of letting go, of self-denial, of deprivation, of deliberate destitution, and voluntary facilitation of poverty”.  It is in this sense that the term ‘aparigraḥ’ has been used in most texts of the Yoga Upaniśads as a Yama or positive injunction for the Yogi to observe.  What is it that the Yogi has been exhorted to accept only to the extent of that which is deemed barely necessary? 

The idea is that the Ascetic, Holy Men & Women, and the Yogi need not spend any time and energy in earning a living.  Our Society desires that they remain completely free with all the time and energy in the world available to them to pursue their spiritual goals.  In this context, a Man or a Woman might ruminate in the following manner: “I have a job or a business.  I have a regular income.  I have to work 5 to 6 days a week.  I have no spare time or energy left for any spiritual pursuits.  On the other hand, I see that in our Culture, the Ascetics, the Vaidik, the Holy Men & Women, and Yogi are continuously engaged in spiritual studies and pursuits such as the study of the Scriptures and acquisition of knowledge; tending to the spiritual aspirations of devotees of God, performing sacred rites & rituals and other enjoined ceremonies, and what is equally important, in the practices of Yogaḥ.  They have little or no spare time to do anything else such as working/earning some money to buy even the bare indispensable necessities of life.  They cannot take up jobs or set up businesses.  If, out of dire material necessity, they were to abandon their spiritual Dharma and take to mundane occupations, a great hole would develop in our time-honoured cultural, religious and philosophical fabric.  There would be an incalculable spiritual loss that no amount of material prosperity would be able to make good later on.  

“What then?”, the ruminating person may well ask.  Well, in the Indian tradition, Society considers it to be both an obligation as well as a matter of honour to shower such articles upon Ascetics & Yogis as will enable them to subsist in reasonable comfort and be in a position to pursue their Dharma largely unhindered/unimpeded by the need to work/earn for securing any of the material necessities of life. People may offer food, clothing, cash, and such other needs of life.  Hindu Philosophy advocates that a person should set aside about 25% of his income for charity and charitable activities.  Hindus generally feel that using a portion of their income to help the Ascetics, Vaidik, Holy Men & Women and Yogi pursue their ancient, time-honoured and unbroken ways of life, is one of the best ways to use their income to earn spiritual merit.  This belief is firmly embedded in the genes of Indians.  For a large majority of the people of the Indian Sub-Continent, including those outside the Hindu faith, it is difficult to deny the urge to support holy men and Yogi.  This urge arises from an abiding faith to be found in the very soil of India.  It is a powerful instinct whose call is difficult to ignore or suppress.

But material objects are distractions.  They have to be maintained periodically, accounted for, and kept securely.  The more the possessions, the more difficult it would become to attain complete detachment.  In principle, for one embarked upon the spiritual path, the mind and the body have to be constantly trained to reduce their default-dependence on material objects until complete independence has been attained.  Hence the need for practising aparigraha from the start of Yoga until emancipation.  Unfortunately, some Ascetics and Yogi may carry self-denial or deprivation to the extremes. In the final analysis, austerity/self-denial cannot be outside what the Scriptures sanction. It cannot be turned into an end in itself.  It has to be for some higher spiritual purpose. 

A group of ascetics who have renounced the material world for the purely spiritual path

Two Ṣlokaḥ from the Gita [17/5-6] make clear the views of Sri Krishna in the matter:

अशास्त्रविहितं घोरं तप्यन्ते ये तपो जनाः ।

दम्भाहंकारसंयुक्ताः कामरागबलान्विताः ॥१७- ५॥

aśāstravihitaṃ ghoraṃ tapyante ye tapo janāḥ ।

dambhāhaṃkārasaṃyuktāḥ kāmarāgabalānvitāḥ ॥17/5॥

aśāstravihitaṃ ghoraṃ tapyante ye tapo janāḥ ।

dambhāhaṃkārasaṃyuktāḥ kāmarāgabalānvitāḥ ॥17/5॥

“Those men who practise terrible austerity not enjoined by the Sastras, given to ostentation and conceit, and prompted by the force of sensual desires and passion.” [17/5]

कर्षयन्तः शरीरस्थं भूतग्राममचेतसः ।

मां चैवान्तःशरीरस्थं तान्विद्ध्यासुरनिश्चयान् ॥१७- ६॥

karśayantaḥ śarīrasthaṃ bhūtagrāmam acetasaḥ  ।

māṃ caivāntaḥśarīrasthaṃ tān viddhy āsuraniścayān ।॥17/6॥

“These foolish men, torturing the conglomeration of elements in their bodies and I, as well, who dwells within (every) body—know them to be demoniacal in their resolves.”  [17/6]

Extreme forms of deprivation/self-denial could be prompted by the desire for drawing attention, for self-aggrandisement, out of the compulsions of egotic pride in one’s prowess, and unwarranted passion. Such behaviour could thus be demonic in origin.  For the first time, this Purāṇa defines the Yama called ‘aparigraha’ in a rational and practical way, and one that most people can easily adopt for their own welfare and happiness and more so for the good of this Planet as a  whole and of all the living

Sages engaged in the life-long pursuit of spiritual knowledge

 

that inhabit it. The phrase ‘यावदर्थपरिग्रहः yāvad-artha-parigrahaḥ’ contains a unique philosophy, which mankind must study carefully, imbibe, and put into strict practice.  It is a Philosophy that every human being must follow in daily life whether a householder, ascetic, or yogi, regardless of age, creed, or profession.  The term ‘yāvad-artha-parigrahaḥ’ implies that one should acquire/accept material objects to the extent that they are absolutely necessary.  Applied to food, it means preparing, serving, and eating just the right types of sattvic food in limited quantities optimum for good health and purity of the Mind and the Body.  It means never to consume food to satisfy the lust of the tongue or the ego.  Applied to other categories of material objects, like land, house, clothing, jewellery, cars etc, the principle is that a man or a woman should acquire/accept/possess what passes the test of being a bare necessity of life.

For instance, one car, one gadget, one TV, one computer, and one house should be enough for all of us without exception.  More than that would be greed. This principle would be applicable to non-material possessions as well, such as power, wielded over others; the range and degree of control one is able to exercise over others, the quantum of praise/accolades one receives from others;  the spread of one’s fame;  the enhancement of personal prestige, qualifications etc. One award, one Directorship, one controlling stake in one firm, one high qualification from one University are all enough and should be the limit of one’s desire for such non-material conceptual ends. 

No doubt the principle of limiting one’s wants to the bare necessities of life would be traumatic in the transition phase.  It would lead to a reduction in conspicuous consumption and would cause painful repercussions. Yet, if we wish to save the Earth, there is no other way. All the pain and suffering would be worth it. In due course, Mankind would adapt itself to lesser and lesser levels of conspicuous consumption.  Thereby we would progressively reduce exploitation of the Earth’s resources.  Climate change for the worse might then be halted, if not already too late.

Great Hornbill (Courtesy Vignesh Thangaraj)

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